I-silica evundileiwumgcwalisi obalulekile wokuqinisa embonini yerabha. Izakhiwo zayo ezahlukahlukene zithinta ngokungaqondile noma ngokuqondile ukumelana nokuguguleka kwerabha ngokuthonya ukusebenzisana kwe-interfacial ne-matrix yerabha, ukuhlakazeka, kanye nezakhiwo zemishini zerabha. Ngezansi, siqala ezimpahleni ezibalulekile, sihlaziya ngokuningiliziwe izindlela zazo ezithonya ukumelana nokuguguleka kwerabha:
1. Indawo Ekhethekile Yomphezulu (i-BET)
Indawo ethile engaphezulu ingenye yezakhiwo eziyinhloko ze-silica, ebonakalisa ngqo indawo yayo yokuxhumana nerabha kanye nekhono lokuqinisa, okuthinta kakhulu ukumelana nokuguguleka.
(1) Ithonya Elihle: Ngaphakathi kobubanzi obuthile, ukwandisa indawo ethile yobuso (isb., kusukela ku-100 m²/g kuya ku-200 m²/g) kwandisa indawo yokuxhumana phakathi kwe-silica kanye ne-raber matrix. Lokhu kungathuthukisa amandla okubopha phakathi kwe-interfacial ngokusebenzisa "umphumela wokunamathela," okuthuthukisa ukumelana kwerabha ekuguqukeni nasekuqiniseni umphumela. Kuleli qophelo, ubulukhuni berabha, amandla okuthamba, kanye namandla okudabuka kuyanda. Ngesikhathi sokuguguleka, ayithambekeli kakhulu ekuqhekekeni kwezinto ngenxa yokucindezeleka okukhulu kwendawo, okuholela ekuthuthukisweni okukhulu kokumelana nokuhuzuka.
(2) Ithonya Elibi: Uma indawo ethile yobuso inkulu kakhulu (isb., idlula u-250 m²/g), amandla e-van der Waals kanye nokubopha kwe-hydrogen phakathi kwezinhlayiya ze-silica kuyaqina, okubangela kalula ukuhlangana (ikakhulukazi ngaphandle kokwelashwa kobuso), okuholela ekwehleni okukhulu kokuhlakazeka. Ama-Agglomerate akha "amaphuzu okugxila kokucindezeleka" ngaphakathi kwerabha. Ngesikhathi sokuguguleka, ukuphuka kuvame ukwenzeka eduze kwama-agglomerate, okuphambene nalokho kunciphisa ukumelana nokuguguleka.
Isiphetho: Kukhona ububanzi bendawo ethile ephezulu (ngokuvamile 150-220 m²/g, ehlukahluka ngohlobo lwerabha) lapho ukuhlakazeka kanye nomphumela wokuqinisa kulinganiswa, okuholela ekumelaneni okuhle kakhulu kokuhuzuka.
2. Usayizi Wezinhlayiyana Nokusatshalaliswa Kosayizi
Usayizi wezinhlayiya eziyinhloko (noma usayizi ohlanganisiwe) kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwe-silica kuthinta ngokungaqondile ukumelana nokuguguleka ngokuthonya ukufana kokuhlakazeka kanye nokusebenzisana kwe-interfacial.
(1) Usayizi Wezinhlayiya: Usayizi wezinhlayiya ezincane (ngokuvamile zihlobene kahle nendawo ethile yobuso) zihambisana nezindawo ezinkulu zobuso kanye nemiphumela yokuqinisa enamandla (njengoba ngenhla). Kodwa-ke, ubukhulu bezinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu (isb., usayizi wezinhlayiya eziyinhloko < 10 nm) kwandisa kakhulu amandla okuhlangana phakathi kwezinhlayiya, okwandisa kakhulu ubunzima bokuhlakazeka. Lokhu kunalokho kuholela ezifweni zendawo, kunciphisa ukumelana nokuklwebheka.
(2) Ukusatshalaliswa Kosayizi Wezinhlayiyana: I-Silica enokusatshalaliswa kosayizi wezinhlayiyana omncane isakazeka ngokulinganayo enjolobeni, igwema “amaphuzu abuthakathaka” akhiwe yizinhlayiyana ezinkulu (noma ama-agglomerate). Uma ukusatshalaliswa kubanzi kakhulu (isb., equkethe izinhlayiya ezimbili ezingama-10 nm nangaphezulu kwe-100 nm), izinhlayiya ezinkulu ziba izindawo zokuqala zokuguguleka (okungcono ukuthi ziguguleke ngesikhathi sokuguguleka), okuholela ekunciphiseni ukumelana kokuguguleka.
Isiphetho: I-Silica enosayizi omncane wezinhlayiya (efana nendawo ethile yobuso efanele) kanye nokusatshalaliswa okuncane kuzuzisa kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni ukumelana nokuklwebheka.
3. Isakhiwo (Inani Lokumuncwa kwe-DBP)
Isakhiwo sibonisa ubunzima obuhlanganisiwe be-silica aggregates (obubonakala ngenani lokumuncwa kwe-DBP; inani eliphakeme libonisa isakhiwo esiphezulu). Sithinta isakhiwo senethiwekhi yerabha kanye nokumelana nokuguquguquka.
(1) Ithonya elihle: I-Silica enesakhiwo esiphakeme yakha ama-aggregates anamagatsha amathathu, okudala "inethiwekhi yamathambo" ebanzi ngaphakathi kwerabha. Lokhu kuthuthukisa ukuqina kwerabha kanye nokumelana nesethi yokucindezela. Ngesikhathi sokuhuzuka, le nethiwekhi ingavimba amandla omthelela wangaphandle, inciphise ukuguguleka kokukhathala okubangelwa ukuguquguquka okuphindaphindiwe, ngaleyo ndlela ithuthukise ukumelana nokuhuzuka.
(2) Ithonya Elibi: Isakhiwo esiphezulu kakhulu (ukumuncwa kwe-DBP > 300 mL/100g) sibangela kalula ukubhajwa phakathi kwama-silica aggregates. Lokhu kuholela ekwandeni okukhulu kwe-Mooney viscosity ngesikhathi sokuxuba irabha, ukugeleza kokucubungula okungekuhle, kanye nokuhlakazeka okungalingani. Izindawo ezinezakhiwo ezixinene kakhulu endaweni zizobhekana nokuguguleka okusheshayo ngenxa yokuxineka, okuphambene nalokho kunciphisa ukumelana nokuguguleka.
Isiphetho: Isakhiwo esimaphakathi (ukumuncwa kwe-DBP okungu-200-250 mL/100g) sifaneleka kakhulu ekulinganiseni ukucutshungulwa kanye nokumelana nokuhuzuka.
4. Okuqukethwe kwe-Hydroxyl Surface (Si-OH)
Amaqembu e-silanol (i-Si-OH) ebusweni be-silica ayisihluthulelo sokuthonya ukuhambisana kwayo nerabha, okuthinta ngokungaqondile ukumelana nokuklwebheka ngamandla okubopha phakathi kwe-interfacial.
(1) Uma ingalashwanga: Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kakhulu kwe-hydroxyl (> amaqembu ama-5/nm²) kuholela kalula ekuhlanganeni okuqinile phakathi kwezinhlayiya ngokubopha i-hydrogen, okuholela ekuhlakazekeni okubi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amaqembu e-hydroxyl awahambisani kahle nama-molecule enjoloba (ikakhulukazi angewona ama-polar), okuholela ekuhlanganeni okubuthakathaka kwe-interfacial. Ngesikhathi sokuguguleka, i-silica ithambekele ekuhlukaneni nenjoloba, okunciphisa ukumelana nokuklwebheka.
(2) Iphathwe nge-Silane Coupling Agent: Ama-Coupling agents (isb., i-Si69) asabela namaqembu e-hydroxyl, anciphisa ukuhlangana kwezinhlayiya futhi angenise amaqembu ahambisana nerabha (isb., amaqembu e-mercapto), athuthukisa amandla okubopha phakathi kwe-interfacial. Kuleli qophelo, kwakheka "ukunamathela kwamakhemikhali" phakathi kwe-silica nerabha. Ukudluliselwa kokucindezeleka kuba okufanayo, futhi ukukhishwa kwe-interfacial akunakwenzeka ngesikhathi sokuguguleka, okuthuthukisa kakhulu ukumelana nokuklwebheka.
Isiphetho: Okuqukethwe kwe-hydroxyl kudinga ukuba phakathi (amaqembu angu-3-5/nm²), futhi kumele kuhlanganiswe nokwelashwa kwe-silane coupling agent ukuze kwandiswe ukubophana kwe-interfacial futhi kuthuthukiswe ukumelana nokuklwebheka.
Inani le-pH elingu-5.5
Inani le-pH le-silica (ngokuvamile 6.0-8.0) ngokuyinhloko lithinta ngokungaqondile ukumelana nokuguguleka ngokuthonya uhlelo lwe-rubber vulcanization.
(1) I-Acidic Eningi (pH < 6.0): Ivimbela umsebenzi wezisheshisi ze-vulcanization, ibambezela izinga le-vulcanization, futhi ingaholela ekuqhekekeni okungaphelele kanye nobuningi obunganele be-crosslink erabheni. Irabha enobuningi obuphansi be-crosslink inezakhiwo ezinciphile zemishini (isb., amandla okudonseka, ubulukhuni). Ngesikhathi sokuguguleka, ithambekele ekuguqulweni kwepulasitiki kanye nokulahleka kwezinto, okuholela ekumelaneni nokuguguleka okubi.
(2) I-Alkaline Eningi (pH > 8.0): Ingasheshisa i-vulcanization (ikakhulukazi kuma-accelerator e-thiazole), okubangela i-vulcanization yokuqala esheshayo ngokweqile kanye nokuxhumanisa okungalingani (ukuxhumanisa kwendawo noma ukuxhumanisa okungaphansi). Izindawo ezixhumene kakhulu ziba buthakathaka, izindawo ezixhumene ngaphansi zinamandla amancane; zombili zizonciphisa ukumelana nokuklwebheka.
Isiphetho: Okungathathi hlangothi kuya kokune-asidi kancane (pH 5.0-7.0) kungcono kakhulu ekuvuvukeni okufanayo, kuqinisekisa izakhiwo zerabha kanye nokuthuthukisa ukumelana nokuguguleka.
6. Okuqukethwe Okungcolile
Ukungcola okuku-silica (njenge-ion yensimbi efana ne-Fe³⁺, i-Ca²⁺, i-Mg²⁺, noma usawoti ongaphenduliwe) kunganciphisa ukumelana nokuguguleka ngokulimaza isakhiwo serabha noma ukuphazamisa ukwakheka kwe-vulcanization.
(1) Ama-Ion Ensimbi: Ama-ion ensimbi aguqukayo afana ne-Fe³⁺ avuselela ukuguga kwe-oxidative yerabha, asheshise ukuqhekeka kwe-molecular chain yerabha. Lokhu kuholela ekuboleni kwezakhiwo zemishini yezinto ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kunciphisa ukumelana nokuguguleka. I-Ca²⁺, i-Mg²⁺ ingasabela nama-agent e-vulcanizing erabha, iphazamise i-vulcanization futhi yehlise ubuningi be-crosslink.
(2) Usawoti Oncibilikayo: Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kakhulu kosawoti ongcolile (isb., i-Na₂SO₄) kwandisa i-hygroscopicity ye-silica, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwama-bubble ngesikhathi sokucubungula irabha. Lawa ma-bubble adala amaphutha angaphakathi; ngesikhathi sokuguguleka, ukwehluleka kuvame ukuqala kulezi zindawo zamaphutha, kunciphisa ukumelana nokuguguleka.
Isiphetho: Okuqukethwe kokungcola kumele kulawulwe ngokuqinile (isb., Fe³⁺ < 1000 ppm) ukuze kuncishiswe imiphumela emibi ekusebenzeni kwerabha.
Ngamafuphi, ithonya le-i-silica evuvukeleUkumelana nokuklwebheka kwerabha kubangelwa umphumela wokubambisana kwezakhiwo eziningi: Indawo ethile yobuso kanye nosayizi wezinhlayiya kunquma ikhono lokuqinisa eliyisisekelo; isakhiwo sithinta ukuzinza kwenethiwekhi yerabha; amaqembu e-hydroxyl angaphezulu kanye ne-pH kulawula ukubopha okuphakathi kanye nokufana kwe-vulcanization; kuyilapho ukungcola kwehlisa ukusebenza ngokulimaza isakhiwo. Ezisetshenzisweni ezisebenzayo, inhlanganisela yezakhiwo kumele ilungiselelwe ngokuya ngohlobo lwerabha (isb., i-compound ye-tairi tread, i-sealant). Isibonelo, ama-compound e-tread ngokuvamile akhetha i-silica enendawo ephezulu yobuso ethize, isakhiwo esiphakathi, ukungcola okuphansi, futhi ihlanganiswe nokwelashwa kwe-silane coupling agent ukuze kwandiswe ukumelana nokuklwebheka.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Julayi-22-2025